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Events

• 49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
• 1072 – Robert Guiscard conquers Palermo.
• 1475 – Stephen III of Moldavia defeats the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vaslui.
• 1645 – Archbishop William Laud is beheaded at the Tower of London.
• 1776 – Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense.
• 1806 – Dutch settlers in Cape Town surrender to the British.
• 1810 – The marriage of Napoleon and Josephine is annulled.
• 1861 – American Civil War: Florida secedes from the Union.
• 1863 – The London Underground, the world's oldest underground railway, opens between London Paddington station and Farringdon station.
• 1870 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil.
• 1901 – The first great Texas oil gusher is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas.
• 1920 – The League of Nations holds its first meeting and ratifies the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I.
• 1922 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of the Irish Free State.
• 1923 – Lithuania seizes and annexes Memel.
• 1941 – Lend-Lease is introduced into the U.S. Congress.
• 1941 – World War II: The Greek army captures Kleisoura.
• 1946 – The first General Assembly of the United Nations opens in London. Fifty-one nations are represented.
• 1962 – Apollo Project: NASA announces plans to build the C-5 rocket booster. It became better known as the Saturn V moon rocket, which launched every Apollo moon mission.
• 1972 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returns to the newly independent Bangladesh as president after spending over nine months in prison in Pakistan.
• 1982 – The Freezer Bowl, the NFL's coldest game in terms of wind chill, at -37°F, is won by the Cincinnati Bengals who defeat the San Diego Chargers 27-7 and advance to Super Bowl XVI.
• 1984 – The United States and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations after 117 years.
• 1989 – Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola.
• 1990 – Time Warner is formed from the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc.
• 2001 – A large piece of the chalk cliff at Beachy Head collapses into the sea.
• 2005 – A mudslide occurs in La Conchita, California, killing 10 people, injuring many more and closing the Highway 101, the main coastal corridor between San Francisco and Los Angeles, for 10 days.
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